The Tamil Chieftain PandaraVanniyan of Vanni who defied the British and defended his country from the European colonialists. The spirit of the Vanniyars will not die.The people of Vanni will rise again from the misery of these Sinhala concentration camps.
August 25th, is the memorial day of Tamil Chieftain KULASAEKARAM VAIRAMUTTHU PANDARA VANNIYAN who ruled the Vanni kingdom of ADANKAPATRU. He defied the British and remained as a challenge to them. As usual another Tamil named Kaakai Vanniyan helped the British defeat him during the historic battle of Katsilaimadu by Col. Drieberg on 25 August 1806. There were many Tamil patriots who sacrificed their lives to defend Sri Lanka from the European colonialists. Even after many Sinhala rulers exchanged the Buddha sasana for the bible and white women, many Tamil rulers defied the colonialists to defend their country, religion and language. But the Sinhalese don`t know about them. Instead of educating the Sinhala people about the Tamil patriots who defended the country from the European colonialists, the Sinhala government used the state funds to deny the Tamil heritage in Sri Lanka. That is the reason the Sinhalese are only bragging about the Sinhala heroes who defended the country, many of them haven`t even heard about the Tamil patriots who defended Sri Lanka. PANDARA VANNIYAN was a rebel Tamil chief from the Vanni region who was known as ONE OF LAST NATIVE CHIEF TO CHALLENGE THE BRITISH RULE in the Island nation of Sri Lanka. His grandson is Pannirukaran Mylvaganam. Kulasegaram Vairamuthu Pandaravanniyan was the last king of Vanni. Some of the history books say that he had a sister and two brothers but the truth is he only had 2 younger brothers called `Kaylaaya vanniyan` and `Periya Nayinaar. With the capture of the Jaffna kingdom by the Portuguese in 1621, the Vanni was under their nominal control and `Parangichetticulam` of the Vanni may have been the fort of the Portuguese. With the arrival of the Dutch colonials on the scene they were only able to exact yearly tribute of 42 elephants. About the year 1782 the continued conflicts came to an end when the Dutch once and for all defeated the Vanniyars. Every foreign power found the Vanniyars a formidable foe and this could be explained in the words of Lewi, It is characteristic of the spirit of this people that the Dutch met nowhere a more determined resistance than from one of the native princesses, the Vannichi Kurivichhci Nachiyar, whom they were obliged to carry away as prisoner, and to detain in captivity in the fort of Colombo. The Vanniyars, thence commenced to live a wild and marauding life and carried on a predatory warfare against the Dutch in Mannar and Trincomalee and even penetrated to the Jaffna peninsula. The Dutch had to build forts along the river to keep them at bay. With the advent of the British Pandara Vanniyan started a revolt to expel them from his district with the assistance of the Tamil rulers of Kandyans kingdom. He attacked the government house in Mullaiteevu and drove out the garrison which was under the command of one Captain Drieberg and seized the fort. In 1803 the Treaty of Amiens the new possessions of the British and Dutch in Asia are confirmed. Holland retains Batavia, the British Ceylon. The British defeat the last Vanniya, Pandara Vanniyan, and execute him. A pension is paid to his widow, the Vanni Naatchiyar, until the late 19th century. The victory of the Vanniyars was short lived. Three detachments from Jaffna , Mannar and Trincomalee were dispatched and the Vanniyars were defeated in the Mannar district. Although Pandara Vanniyan was active again his grandiose scheme to rule the Vanni faded away after 1811. The spirit of the Vanniyars was more apparent in the fight for freedom of the Tamil people. Here again one sees that the Vanni has answered the call of the Tamil people in their quest for liberty and freedom from the Sinhalese. It is also stated that the Vanniyars had sent some of their people to the French at Pondichery in South India promising to assist their missionaries and the Christians to overthrow the Dutch. When Pandara Vanniyan the last king of Vanni fought the British, his soldiers were Tamil warriors of Vanni and Jaffna. Even the Bristish have praised their valour. The victory of the British was not gained through their bravery, but through KAAKAI VANNIYAN`s TREACHERY. The Name Kakai Vanniyan has been used by the Eelam Tamils to refer to people who backstab their own people. The word KARUNA has now replaced the name Kakai Vanniyan to refer to treachery in the Eelam Tamil lexicon. |
Source(s) Tamilnation and eelanation.com |
One of man’s oldest civilizations was the settlement at the Indus Valley. The degree of sophistication that archaeologists found in their settlements almost belies the fact that these people lived almost 4000 years ago. The civilization had meticulously planned cities; streets met at right angles, the sewage system puts present day India to shame, and the tools and large granaries show that they knew more than a thing or two about agriculture. Seals of the Indus Valley have on them the only ancient script that is yet to be deciphered. The most important Indus Valley cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro are in present day Pakistan.
The following millennium saw the waxing and waning of empires. In the north the great dynasties were those of the Mauryas (300-200 BC) during which period Buddhism received royal patronage, and the Guptas during whose reign the subcontinent is said to have enjoyed a "golden period" (300-500 AD). India's first imperial dynasty, founded by Chandragupta Maurya. Maurya dynasty reached its peak around 260 BC under the Emperor Ashoka, the most famous figures in Indian History. He left a series of inscriptions on pillars and rocks across the sub-continent. But after his death, the Mauryan empire gradually fell apart because his descendants were not as strong rulers as he was. 
it wasn’t until the coming of Turkish-Afghan raiders like Mahmud of Ghazni (997 to 1030 AD) and Muhammad Ghauri (in 1192) that Islam made significant inroads to the heart of north India. The first Muslim empire was set up by a general of Ghauri’s, Qutb-ud-din Aibak, which is when the Delhi Sultanate came into being. The temptation of privileges extended to the faithful, and Hinduism’s own severe caste system made many convert.
6th king of the dynasty, the Mughals had a liberal policy of religious tolerance and that helped them weave together a largely stable and tight knit kingdom that spanned a larger territory than any previously had. It was a time of plenty and emperors like Jehangir (1605-1627) and Shah Jehan (1628-1657) could focus their attentions on art, architecture and culture. It was the time when the Taj Mahal was built, as was the Red Fort, and the coffers contained the Koh-i-Noor and the ruby and emerald studded Peacock Throne. Aurangzeb’s religious zeal won him widespread resentment. The Mughal Empire began unravelling, unable to withstand the Maratha chieftain Shivaji’s guerrilla warfare. The last really effective Mughal king was Bahadur Shah (1707-1712). After him Mughal power and prestige declined steadily.
and colonization by European powers from the fifteenth century onwards.
acy was strong enough to make both his daughter Indira (who declared the infamous internal Emergency), and grandson Rajiv, Prime Minister. In the 90s the era of coalition politics had begun and democracy had come of age.
